Primary Sources Kramer, Heinrich. “The Method by Which They Impede the Force of Procreation.” In The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum, 320-323. Translated by Christopher S. Mackay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Kramer, Heinrich. “The Way in Which They Take Away Male Members.” In The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum, 323-330. Translated by Christopher S. Mackay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Secondary Sources Bailey, Michael D. “The Disenchantment of Magic: Spells, Charms, and Superstition in Early Modern Witchcraft Literature.” The American Historical Review 111, no. 2 (2006): 383-404. Bailey, Michael D. “The Feminization of Magic and the Emerging Idea of the Female Witch in the Late Middle Ages.” Essays in Medieval Studies 19 (2002): 120-134. Broedel, Hans Peter. “Witchcraft as an Expression of Female Sexuality.” In The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft: Theology and Popular Belief, 167-184. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003. Garrett, Julia M. “Witchcraft and Sexual Knowledge in Early Modern England.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 13, no. 1 (2013): 32-72. Herzig, Tamar. “Witches, Saints, and Heretics: Heinrich Kramer’s Ties with Italian Women Mystics.” Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 1, no. 1 (2006): 24-55. Roper, Lyndal. “Witchcraft and the Western Imagination.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6, no. 1 (2006): 117-141.


Writing Details

  • Author: Nolan Foster
  • Published: June 8, 2020
  • Word Count: 19
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  • Rights: Creative Commons CC-BY Attribution License This work by Nolan Foster is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY Attribution 4.0 International License.
  • Featured Image: Witch burning from the Picture Cautio (Bilder-Cautio), 1632 (Wikimedia Commons)
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